The Eight Rungs of Citizen Participation
Tks to Dave, I have just read a great article written in 1969 (!) about citizen participation. Unsurprisingly, it is not about online participation, but nonetheless it is an interesting and useful framework. The ladder looks like this: I was initially a bit worried to see consultation labelled as tokenism, but the article convincingly explains that traditional forms of consultation (public meetings, surveys etc) do not really empower citizens - they are only a step towards citizen empowerm...